Graduate
Dissertations defended
2014-2015
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Stacy Hushion | “Intimate Encounters and the Politics of German-Occupied Belgium, 1940-44/45” | D. Bergen |
Elizabeth Jewett | ||
Daniel Laxer | “Listening to the Fur Trade: Sound, Music, and Dance in Northern North America, 1760-1840” | H. Bohaker and A. Greer |
Merci-Noula Mina | “Homeland Activism, Public Performance, and the Construction of Identity: An Examination of Greek Canadian Transnationalism, 1900s-1990s” | F. Iacovetta |
Dennis Molinaro | “State Repression and Political Deportation in Canada, 1919-1936” | I. Radforth |
Benjamin Pottruff | “The Anarchist Peril: Industrial Violence and the Propaganda of Fear in Turn of the Century America, 1886-1908” | R. Halpern |
Lilia Topouzova | “Reclaiming Memory: The History and Legacy of Concentration Camps in Communist Bulgaria” | L. Viola and T. Lahusen |
Ann Wolfgram (Brodeur) |
2013-2014
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Nathan Cardon | “A Dream of the Future”: Race, Empire, and Modernity at the Atlanta and Nashville International Expositions, 1895-1897 | R. Halpern |
John Dirks | “Managing a Cooperative Disagreement: Canada, The United States Revolutionary Cuba, 1959-1980” | R. Bothwell |
Dustin Galer | “Hire the Handicapped!: Disability Rights, Economic Integration and Working Lives in Toronto, Ontario, 1962-2005” | I. Radforth |
Brandon King | “America’s Search for Control in Iraq in the Early Cold War, 1953-1961” | R. Pruessen |
Sarah Loose | “Charity and the Economy of Power: The Ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala and Siena’s Network of Charity in the Sixteenth Century” | N. Terpstra |
Patrick Mannion | “The Irish Diaspora in Comparative Perspective: St. John’s, Newfoundland, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and Portland, Maine, 1880-1923” | M. McGowan |
Nicholas Matte | “Historicizing Liberal American Transnormativities: Medicine, Media, Activism, 1960-1990” | E. Brown |
Janine Riviere | “Dreams in Early Modern England: Frameworks of Interpretation” | B. Todd |
Ian Rocksborough-Smith | “Contentious Cosmopolitans: Black Public History and Civil Rights in Cold War Chicago, 1942-1972” | R. Halpern |
Daniel Rosenthal | “Decomposing Identities: Shifting Perceptions of Death and Burial Among Jews in Interwar Poland” | D. Penslar |
Candace Sobers | “Africa’s Czechoslovakia: Internationalism and (trans)national liberation in Angola, 1961-1976” | R. Pruessen |
Jared Toney | “Locating Diaspora: Afro-Caribbean Migrations and the Transnational Dialectics of Race and Community in North America, 1910-1929” | R. Kazal |
2012-2013
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Auri Berg | “Reform in the Time of Stalin: Nikita Khrushchev and the Fate of the Russian Peasantry” | L. Viola |
Seth Bernstein | “Communist Upbringing under Stalin: The Political Socialization and Militarization of Soviet Youth, 1934-1941” | L. Viola |
Samuel Cohen | “Heresy, Authority and the Bishops of Rome in the Fifth Century: Leo I (440-461) and Gelasius (492-496)” | N. Everett |
Lykke De La Cour | “From ‘Moron’ to ‘Maladjusted’: Eugenics,Psychiatry, and the Regulation of Women, Ontario,1930s-1960s” | F. Iacovetta |
Svitlana Frunchak | “The Making of Soviet Chernivtsi: National “Re-unification,” World War II, and the Fate of Jewish Czernowitz in Postwar Ukraine” | L. Viola |
Jodie Giesbrecht | “Killing the Beast: Animal Death in Canadian Literature, Hunting, Photography, Taxidermy, and Slaughterhouses, 1865-1920” | I. Radforth |
Anna Hajkova | “The Inmate Society of Theresienstadt: A Laboratory of the Middle Class. Social History of the Theresienstadt Transit Ghetto, 1941-1945” | D. Bergen |
Nadia Jones-Gailani | “Iraqi Women in Disapora: Resettlement, Religion, and Remembrance in the Iraqi Dispora in Toronto and Detroit, 1890 to Present” | F. Iacovetta |
Nina Kouprianova | “Revolution, Tradition and Modernity: Russian Consumer Advertising in the Era of NEP” | T. Lahusen |
Nicholas May | “Feasting on the AAM of Heaven: The Christianization of the Nisga’a, 1860-1920” | A. Greer and H. Bohaker |
David Smith | “French like the others: Colonial Migrants in Wartime France, 1939-1947” | E. Jennings |
2011-2012
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Brian Beaton | “Everyday Data” | M. Murphy |
Camille Begin | “America Eats: Taste and Race in the New Deal Sensory Economy” | D. Bender |
Helen M. Dewar | “’Y establir nostre auctorité: Assertions of Imperial Sovereignty through Proprietorships and Chartered Companies in New France, 1598-1663” | A. Greer |
Jason C. Dyck | “The Sacred Historian’s Craft: Francisco de Florencia and Creole Identity in Seventeenth-Century New Spain” | K. Mills |
Bakary Gibba | “The West Indian Mission to West Africa: The Rio Pongas Mission 1850-1963” | M. Klein |
Alexandra E. Guerson De Oliveira | “Coping with Crises: Christian-Jewish Relations in Catalonia and Aragon, 1380-1391” | M. Meyerson |
Geoffrey R. Hamm | “British Intelligence and Turkish Arabia: Strategy, Diplomacy, and Empire, 1898-1918” | J. Retallack |
Holly Karibo | “Ambassadors of Pleasure: Illicit Economies in the Detroit-Windsor Borderland, 1945-1960” | D. Bender |
Michal Kasprzak | “Nationalism and Internationalism: Theory and Practice of Marxist Nationality Policy from Marx and Engels to Lenin and the Communist Workers’ Party of Poland” | A. Rossos |
Jean-Francois Lozier | “In Each Other’s Arms: France and the St. Lawrence Mission Villages in War and Peace, 1630-1730” | A. Greer |
Bradley J. Miller | “Emptying the Den of Thieves: International Fugitives and the Law in British North America/Canada, 1819-1910” | S. Penfold |
Michelle J. Patterson | “’Red Teaspoons of Charity’: Zhenotdel, the Communist Party and Russian Women, 1919-1930” | L. Viola |
Jennifer A. Polk | “Constructive Efforts: The American Red Cross and YMCA in Revolutionary and Civil War Russia, 1917-1924” | M. MacMillan |
Nathan F. Smith | “Comrades and Citizens: Great War Veterans in Toronto, 1915-1919” | I. Radforth |
David J. Stiles | “Making Imperial Futures: Concepts of Empire in the Anglo-Spanish Sphere, 1763-71” | K. Mills |
Emily Winerock | “Reformation and Revelry: The Practices and Politics of Dancing in Early Modern England, c.1550-c.1640” | B. Todd |
2010-2011
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Ashleigh Androsoff | “Spirit Wrestling: Identity Conflict and the Canadian ‘Doukhobor Problem’ 1896-1928 | M. McGowan |
Wilson Bell | “The Gulag and Soviet Society in Western Siberia, 1929-1953” | L. Viola |
Max Bergholz | “None of Us Dared Say Anything: Mass Killing in a Bosnian Community during World War Two and the Postwar Culture of Silence” | L. Viola |
Harry (Todd) Craver | “The Negative Church of Modernity: Siegfried Kracauer, Secularization, and the Cultural Crisis in Weimar Germany” | M. Eksteins |
Carla Hustak | “Radical Intimacies: Sexual Ethics and the Anglo-Transatlantic Politics of Love in the Sex Reform Movement, 1900-1930” | M. Murphy |
Sean Lafferty | “The Edictum Theoderici: A Study of a Roman Legal Document from Ostrogothic Italy” | N. Everett |
Paul Lawrie | “The Negro Worker in the Progressive Imagination: Race, Labor and Evolution in the American Social Sciences 1896-1928” | R. Halpern/D. Bender |
Denis McKim | “Boundless Dominion: Providence, Politics and the Early Canadian Presbyterian Imagination, 1815-1875” | M. McGowan |
Stuart Parker | “History Through Seer Stones: Mormon Historical Though 1890-2010.” | K. Mills |
Christopher Parsons | “Plants and Peoples: French and Indigenous Botanical Knowledges in Colonial North America, 1600-1760” | A. Greer |
Cara Spittal | “The Diefenbaker Moment” | R. Bothwell |
Tracey Thompson | “The Ground of Empowerment: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Vision of Africa’s Past” | R. Halpern |
Dot Tuer | “Tigers and Crosses: The Transcultural Dynamics of Spanish-Guarani Relations in the Rio de la Plata: 1516-1580” | K. Mills |
Peter Wronski | “Combat, Memory and Remembrance in Confederation Era Canada: The Hidden History of the Battle of Ridgeway, June 2, 1866” | R. Bothwell |
2009-2010
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Laurie Bertram | “New Icelandic Ethnoscapes: Material, Visual and Oral Terrains of Cultural Expression in Icelandic-Canadian History, 1875-Present.” | F. Iacovetta |
Christine Berkowitz | “Railroad Crossings: The Transnational World of North America, 1850-1910.” | R. Halpern |
Brendan Cook | “The Utopia of Sir Thomas More and the Influence of Lorenzo Valla’s On Pleasure.” | K. Bartlett |
Jack Cunningham | “Nuclear Sharing and Nuclear Crises: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1957-63.” | R. Bothwell |
Katie Edwards | “Le Mal Jaune: The Memory of the Indochina War in France, 1954-2006” | E. Jennings |
Victoria Freeman | ‘’Toronto Has no History!’: Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism and Historical Memory in Canada’s Largest City” | C. Morgan |
Erin Hochman | “Staging the Nation, Staging Democracy: The Politics of Commemoration in Germany and Austrian 1918-1934” | J. Jenkins |
Joseph Kelly | “Organized for a Fair Deal: African-American Railway Workers in the Deep South, 1900-1940.” | R. Halpern |
Tomaz Jardim | “The Mauthausen War Crimes Trial and American Justice in Germany.” | M. Marrus |
Amanda Lepp | “The Rooster’s Egg: Maternal Metaphors and Medieval Men” | J. Goering |
Mairi MacDonald | “The Challenge of Guinean Independence, 1958-1971” | R. Pruessen |
Sophie Roberts | “Jews, Citizenship and Antisemitism in French Colonial Algeria” | D. Penslar/E. Jennings |
Jon Soske | “Wash Me Black Again: African Nationalism, the Indian Diaspora and Kwa-Zulu Natal, 1944-60.” | S. Hawkins |
2008-2009
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Sarah Amato | “Curiosity Killed the Cat: Pets Personified in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century British Popular Culture” | L. Loeb |
Ariel Beaujot | “Accessorise It: A Study of the Manufacture, Design, and Meaning of Victorian Women’s Accessories” | L. Loeb |
Erin Black | “Spectres of Isolation?: Debating America’s Place in the Global Arena, 1965-74” | R. Pruessen |
Jeffrey Bowersox | “Raising Germans in the Age of Empire: Colonialism, Youth, and the Everyday” | M. Eksteins |
Heather Dichter | Sporting Democracy: The Western Allies’ Reconstruction of Germany Through Sport, 1944-1952″ | M. Eksteins |
Julie Gilmour | “The kind of people Canada wants”: Canada and the Displaced Persons, 1943-1953 | R. Bothwell |
Fatima Imam | “Institutionalizing Rajadharma: Strategies of Svereignty in the 18th Century Jaipur” | R. Birla |
Steve Jobbitt | “Remembering the Nation: Geographer Ferenc Fodor and the Politics of National Memory in Trianon Hungary, 1920-1957” | T. Lahusen |
Tatjana Lichtenstein | “Jewish Youth, Politics and Nationalism in Bohemia and Moravia, 1918-1938” | D. Penslar |
Steven Maddox | “Healing the Wounds”: Commemorations, Myths, and the Restoration of Leningrad’s Imperial Heritage, 1941-1950 | L. Viola |
Heather Metcalfe | “Comparative Study of Canadian and American Isolationism” | R. Bothwell |
David O’Brien | Elite Service Culture at Court and in the Field: Fidelity, Generosity, and Honour in the Eighteenth-Century ‘Maison Militaire du Roi’ | D. Higgs |
Frances Timbers | “From Faustus to Fortune-Telling: Gender and Magic in Early Modern England” | B. Todd |
Kiyoshi Ueda | Hiraizumi Kiyoshi (1894-1985):’Spiritual History’ in the Service of the Nation in Twentieth Century Japan | I. Radforth |
2007-2008
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Elizabeth Bernhardt | “Ginevra Sforza Bentivoglio and Women’s Culture in Renaissance Bologna” | N. Terpstra |
Daniel McNeil | “The devil made the mulatto”: Race, Relgion and Respectability in the Black Atlantic, 1931-2005 | P. Rutherford |
Lori Woods | “Pentients, Godly Charity and Public Sin: The Transformation of Civic Religion in Valencia, Spain, 1300-1450” | M. Meyerson |
2006-2007
Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Serhiy Bilenky | “Eastern Europe in Search of a Nation: Romantic Nationalism and Imagined Communities in Ukraine, Poland, and Russia, 1830s-1840s” | P. R. Magocsi |
Jennifer Carson | “It takes revolution and evolution:”New York City ’s Women Laudry Workers in the First Half of the Twentieth Century | J. Ingham |
Wendy Cuthbertson | “Labour Goes to War: the CIO, the People’s War and the Construction of a “New Social Order,”Toronto , 1939-1945” | I. Radforth |
Jennifer DeSilva | “Ritual Negotiations: Paris de’ Grassi and the Office of Ceremonies under Pope Julius II and Leo X, 1504-1521” | N. Terpstra |
Ryan Gingeras | “Imperial Killing Fields: Revolution, Ethnicity and Islam in WesternAnatolia , 1913-1938” | Aksan |
Christopher Pennington | “The Continentalist Movement in the Politics of Canada and the United States, 1887-1894” | R. Bothwell |
John Michael Pettit | “The Science of Deception: The Human Sciences, The Law, And Reform in Early 20th CenturyAmerica” | Brown/Murphy |
Jamie Smith | “Navigating Adsence: Law and the Family in Genoa, 1380-1420” | N. Terpstra |
David Mark Thompson | “Delusions of Grandeur: French Global Ambitions and the Problem of the Revival of Military Power, 1950-1954” | D. Smyth |
2005-2006
Last Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Paul Baxa | “Fascist Rome: Text and Image” | M. Eksteins |
Heidi Bohaker | “Nindoodemag: Anishinaabe Identities in the Eastern Great Lakes Region, 1600-1900” | S. Van Kirk |
Melanie Pascale Brunet | “Becoming Lawyers: Gender, Legal Education and Professional Identity Formation in Canada, 1920 – 1980” | C. Morgan |
Clare Dale | “War, Noblesse and Identity in Early Modern Champagne: A Study of the Recherche de la noblesse de Champagne (1673) | J. Abray |
Audra Diptee | “Gender, Age and Ethnicity in teh Making of an Atlantic Slave Society, 1775-1807” | M. Klein |
Lesley Nicole Greenspan | “The Politics of Anti-Popery: Nation-hood, War, and Conquest in Interregnum England” | M. Finlayson |
Valerie Hebert | “The High Command Case: Context and Legacy, 1947-1958 | M. Marrus |
Denis Kozlov | “The Readers of Novyi Mir, 1945-1970: Twentieth-Century Experience and Soviet Historical Consciousness” | L. Viola |
Gregor Joseph Kranjc | “Between the Star and the Swastika: Slovene Collaboration and National Identity, 1941-1945” | A. Rossos |
David Lawrence | “The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England, 1603-1645” | Hall |
Amy Gennet Milne-Smith | “Clubland: Imagining the Nineteenth-Century London Club, Manliness, and Aristocratic Culture” | L. Loeb |
Deborah Neill | “Transnationalism in the Colonies: Cooperation, Rivalry, and Race in German and French Tropical Medicine, 1880-1930” | J. Retallack |
Urs Obrist | “Canada and the Federal Republic of Germany: A Nato-Relationship of Special Significance | R. Bothwell |
Alexander Opalinski | “Diplomatic Compromise: General Wladyslaw Sikorski’s Soviet Policy and the Alliance of 30 July 1941 as a ‘thrid-way’ alternative for Polish-Soviet Relations during the Second World War” | P. Wrobel |
G. Bruce Retallack | “Drawing the Lines: Gender, Class, Race and Nation in Canadian Editorial Cartoons, 1840-1926 | P. Rutherford |
Lisa Todd | “Sexual Treason: State Surveillance of Immorality and Infidelity in World War I Germany” | J. Retallack |
Dana Wessell Lightfoot | “Negotiating Agency: Labouring-Status Wivies and their Dowries in Early Fifteenth-Centurey Valencia” | M. Meyerson |
2004-2005
Last Name | Thesis Title | Supervisor |
Hanne Rikke Andreassen | “Mass Media’s construction of Popular Memory, Gender, Sexuality and Nationality” | Brown/Jennings |
Michael Carroll | “Peacekeeping in the Sand: Canada and the United Nations Emergency Force” | R. Bothwell |
Mark Crane | “A Conservative Voice in the French Renaissance: Jsse Bade (1462-1535)” | J. Farge |
Heather DeHaan | “Stalinism in the Provinces: Nizhnii Novgorod in the 1930s” | L. Viola |
Benedikt Feldges | “Visual Signs and Iconic Imaginations: The Genesis of a National Visual Language on American Television” | P. Rutherford |
Christopher Hagerman | “Muse of Empire? Classical Education, the Classical Tradition and British Conceptions of Empire, 1757-1902″ | M. Israel |
Sasha Mullally | “Unpacking the Black Bag: Rural Medicine in the Maritime Provinces and Northern New England States, 1900-1950” | M. Bliss |
Andrea Geddes Poole | “Conspicuous Presumption: The National Gallery of Great Britain’s Board of Trustees and the Decline of Aristocratic Authority 1890-1939” | L. Loeb |
Jiri Smrz | “Symphonic Maxism: Appropriating the Heritage of Nineteenth Century Russian Music for the Culture of Stalinist Soviet Union 1932-1953” | W. Dowler |
Katrina Srigley | “Working Lives and Simple Pleasures: Single, Employed Women in Depression-era Toronto, 1929-1939” | C. Strange |
Donna Trembinski | “Narratives of (Non) Suffering in Dominican Legendaries: Explorations and Explanations” | I. Cochelin |
2003-2004
Last Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Tomas Balkelis | “In Search of a Native Realm: the Lithuanian Intelligentsia, 1883-1914” | P. Wrobel |
Edwin Bezzina | “The Catholic and Protestant Families of Loudun, 1598-1665: A Case Study in the Social History of “”Religious Toleration”” in Seventeenth-Century France” | N. Terpstra/A. Greer (co-sponsors) |
Adam Chapnick | “Redefining Canadian: A History of Canada and the Origins of the United Nations, 1941-1945” | R. Bothwell |
Jack Fairey | “Religion, Identity, and Intercommunal Relations in the Metropolitanate of Thessaloniki: Orthodoxy and Diversity in an Ottoman City, 1788-1912” | P. Magocsi |
Erwin Fink | “Region and Nation in Early Imperial Germany: The Dynamics of Popular Allegiances in the Period of Nation Building” | J. Retallack |
Mark Loudon | “Cuthbert Tunstal: Humanist Bishop and Counsellor to Henry VIII: Patronage, Education and Ecclesiastical Administration in Tudor England” | K. Bartlett |
Gillian Mitchell | “The Nation and National Identity in the Folk Music Revival Movement of Canada and United States from 1946 to 1980” | E. Brown |
Reza Pirbhai | “Antagonistic Utopias: A Cultural Approach to Mughal Polity and Muslim Nationalism” | M. Israel |
Wendy Stross | “Magazines of Mortality: A Cultural History of the Obituary in Eighteenth-Century London” | J. Beattie |
2002-2003
Last Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Nadine Roth | “Collective Identity and the Landscape of Modern Urbanity: Berlin from Kaiserstadt to Weltstadt, 1871-1933” | M. Eksteins |
Vivienne Poy | “Chinese Women in Canada: Comparison of Immigrants, mainly in British Columbia and Ontario before and After World War I” | R. Hayhoe |
Jean Levesque | “The Post-World War II Stalinist Order in the Soviet Countryside: Labour Discipline and Collective Farm Life, 1945-1953” | L. Viola |
Alisa Siegel | “An Unintended Haven: The Jews of Trinidad 1937 to 2003” | H. Troper |
Jack Lipinsky | “The Progressive Wedge: the Organizational Behavior of Toronto Jewry, 1933-48” | H. Troper |
Barrington Walker | “The Gavel and the Veil: ‘Blackness’ in Ontario Criminal Courts, 1858-1958” | F. Iacovetta |
Thomas Hamilton | “Padres Under Fire: A Study of the Canadian Chaplain Services (Protestant and Roman Catholic) in the Second World War” | M. McGowan |
David Goutor | “The Walls of Solidarity: The Mainstream Canadian Labour Movement and Immirgration Policy, 1872 to the Early 1930s” | I. Radforth |
Lynne Griffin | “A Two-Way Street: The giving and receiving of pastoral care and relations between 13th & 14th century German speaking Dominican men & women.” | J. Goering |
Jacob Chima Korieh | “The State and the Peasantry: Agricultural Policy, Agricultural Crisis and Sustainability in the Igbo Region of Eastern Nigeria, 1900-1995” | M. Klein |
Richard Raiswell | “Before the Company: English Perceptions of India, 1400-1600” | K. Bartlett |
Tracey McDonald | “Through the Windo of Village Crime, Riazan Russia, 1921-1930” | L. Viola |
Jerzy Borzecki | “The Riga Peace Treaty of 1921 in Light of the Polish and Soviet Concepts of Ethnic Arrangement of the Borderlands” | P. Wrobel |
2001-2002
Last Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Blaine Chiasson | “Administering the Colonizer: The Chinese Takeover of Russian Harbin, 1919-1932” | T. Brook |
Lisa Mar | “Canada’s Civil Rights Movement: A Chinese Canadian Perspective” | T. Brook |
Hilary Earl | “Accidental Justice: The Trial of Otto Ohlendorf and the Einsatzgruppen Leaders , September 1947-April 1948 in the American Zone of Occupation, Germany” | M. Marrus |
Colin Mitchell | “Growth of Institutional Diplomacy in Safavid Iran, 1501-1629” | M. Subtelny |
Robert Hanks | “Culture Versus Diplomacy: Clemenceau and Anglo-American Relations during the First World War” | D. Higgs |
Rebecca Wittmann | “Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial 1963-65 in Historical Perspective” | M. Marrus |
Kathleen Britt Rasmussen | “Canadian Foreign Economic Policy, 1944-1947” | R. Bothwell |
Eva Plach | “Building the Moral Nation: The ‘Sanacja’, Imponderables and Experiments in Nation-Building in the Second Polish Republic” | P. Wrobel |
2000-2001
Last Name |
Thesis Title |
Supervisor |
Alison Kirk-Montgomery | “Courting Madness: Insanity and Testimony in Victorian Ontario” | I. Radforth |
Eona Karakacili | “Peasants, Productivity and Profit in the Open Fields of England: A Study of Economic and Social Development” | J. Raftis |
Kevin Siena | “Gender, Poverty and the Pox: Venereal Disease and London Hospitals, 1600-1800” | P. Mazumdar |
Susan Lewthwaite | “Law and Authority in Upper Canada: The Justices of the Peace, 1800-1840″ | I. Radforth |
Alexander Prusin | “War and National Conflict in Eastern Galicia, 1914-1920: The Evolution of Modern Antisemitism” | P. Wrobel |
Joseph Berkovits | “Prison Culture in Ontario: 1875-1915” | J. Phillips |
Catherine Carstairs | “Hop Heads and Hypes: Drug Use, Regulation and Resistance in Canada, 1920-1961” | F. Iacovetta |
Timothy Jenks | “Patriotism, Culture Politics and the Heroes of the Royal Navy, 1793-1815” | R. Helmstadter |